大学英语备考知识:动词的时态
英语共16种时态,我们重点掌握其中的9种即可。
1.一般现在时
(1)现阶段经常反复发生的动作或现在的状态
例句:He gets up at six every morning.
There is a big tree in the back yard.
(2)常用的时间状语always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, every day, once a week 等
(3)表示一种真理、自然规律等,在间接引语中也仍然用一般现在时
例句:The sun rises in the east.
(4)在时间、条件等状语从句中,代替将来时
例句:If he is not busy, he will come to the party.
(5)第三人称单数时,动词加s/es
2.一般过去时
(1)过去的动作或状态
例句:I saw Jill yesterday.
(2)常用的时间状语yesterday, last week, 3 days ago, just now等
(3)动词的规则变化:
①一般情况直接加ed,如ask - asked, work - worked
②以不发音的e结尾,直接加d,如love - loved, dance - danced
③辅音字母+y结尾,去y加ied,如try - tried, study - studied
④以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的动词,双写辅音字母,再加ed,如stop - stopped, permit - permitted
(4)动词的不规则变化,需要特殊记忆。
3.一般将来时
(1)将来要发生的动作或状态
例句:He will go to a party tomorrow.
(2)常用的时间状语tomorrow, next week, in two months等
(3)shall/will之外其他将来的表达
be going to 打算、准备、马上就要
例句:It is going to rain.
be about to do 马上就要
例句:The tax rate is about to rise.
4.现在进行时
(1)在说话的同时或最近一个阶段正在发生的动作。
例句:My mom is cooking.
(2)常用的时间状语now, these days, at present, at the moment 等。
(3)有时可以和always, constantly, forever等时间状语连用,表示说话者的特殊感情。
例句:He is always thinking of others.
(4)有些瞬间动词可用进行时表示“马上就要”。
例句:The old man is dying.
(5)有些表示状态、感觉、心理活动的动词没有进行时态,如know, understand, believe, like, love, see, hear 等。
5.过去进行时
(1)过去某个时刻正在做的动作。
例句: My mom was cooking when I got home.
(2)常用的时间状语this time yesterday, at 9 o’clock last night等。
6.现在完成时
(1)过去某个时刻开始,一直持续到现在的动作或状态。(只有部分延续性动词,如live, work, study等可以表示此意)
例句: I have lived in Beijing since I was 18.
(2)过去做过的某一个动作对现在的影响(强调过去发生的事与现在的关系,对现在的影响)。
例句: Jill has finished her homework, so she can play now.
(3)常用的时间状语 since 2010, for 3 years等;last few years, till now等。
(4)动词的过去分词的规则变化,同过去式;不规则变化,需要日常勤加记忆。
7.过去完成时
(1)过去某个时刻之前做的动作,即过去的过去。用于句中或上下文有一个过去时的动作或时间状语作比较时。
例句: He had learned English before he went to Canada.
(2)常用的时间状语如 by the end of last year等。
(3)在用间接引语时,主句的动词是过去时,用来替换直接引语中的过去时或完成时。
例句: He asked the girl, “where have you been?”
—> He asked the girl where she had been.
He said, “I cleaned the room yesterday.”
—> He said he had cleaned the room the day before.
8.现在完成进行时
(1)一个动作从过去开始,一直持续到现在(和现在完成时类似,但更强调持续性)。
例句: I have been studying since 7 in the morning.
(2)常用的时间状语如 since, for, so far, until now等。
9.过去将来时
从过去某一时间看,将要发生的动作或状态,多用于间接引语。
例句: He told me that he would read the book again.